References
John Paul Tasker (May 1, 2025). Trudeau announces ban on 1,500 types of 'assault-style' firearms — effective immediately. CBC News.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-gun-control-measures-ban-1.5552131Announces prohibition of over 1,500 models and variants of assault-style firearms.
Prime Minister of Canada (May 1, 2020). Prime Minister announces ban on assault-style firearms. Government of Canada.
https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/05/01/prime-minister-announces-ban-assault-style-firearmsDescribes measures intended to make Canada safer.
Samuel Perreault (January 30, 2024). Firearms and violent crime in Canada, 2022. Statistics Canada.
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2024001/article/00001-eng.htmShows an increasing year-over-year trend in gun-related crimes.
States firearm-related homicide stood at 0.88 incidents per 100,000 population in 2022, the highest rate observed since 1991.
States organized crime or gang-related crime accounted for 4.3% of firearm-related violent crime. This proportion is higher than for violent crimes in general (0.3%).
Gary Mauser (October 15, 2018). Are PAL holders murderers? Justice for Gun Owners.
https://justiceforgunowners.ca/are-pal-holders-murderers/Calculates the firearm-related homicide rate among licensed firearm holders at 0.67 per 100,000 PALs, or 0.00067%, across multiple time periods.
Prime Minister of New Zealand (March 21, 2019). New Zealand bans military style semi-automatics and assault rifles. Beehive.govt.nz
https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-zealand-bans-military-style-semi-automatics-and-assault-riflesAnnounces prohibition on military-style semi-automatics and assault rifles.
Ben Strang (March 15, 2021). Rise in gun crime despite government clampdown after terror attack. RNZ News.
https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/438377/rise-in-gun-crime-despite-government-clampdown-after-terror-attackShows an increase in New Zealand’s gun crime after its 2019 gun ban.
Government of Canada (December 15, 2023). Bill C-21: An Act to amend certain Acts and to make certain consequential amendments (firearms). Parliament of Canada.
https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-21Enacts amendments impacting licensed firearm owners.
Gary Mauser (July 16, 2015). Do Triggers Pull Fingers? A Look at the Criminal Misuse of Guns in Canada. Simon Fraser University.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3002650Shows licensed Canadian firearm owners had a homicide rate of 0.60 per 100,000 licensed gun owners, while the average national homicide rate (including gun owners) was 1.81 per 100,000 people.
Steve Scherer, Anna Paperny (July 27, 2022). Insight: In fighting gun crime, Canada has an American problem. Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/fighting-gun-crime-canada-has-an-american-problem-2022-07-27/States 85% of handguns used in crime in Canada originated from the United States.
Toronto Police Association (April 1, 2025). Bail reform is always top of mind, but we are also interested in areas like the parole system, gun crimes… X (Twitter).
https://x.com/TPAca/status/1907195451469656080Public Safety Canada (March 11, 2019). Engagement Summary Report - Reducing Violent Crime: A Dialogue on Handguns and Assault-Style Firearms. Public Safety Canada.
https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2019-rdcng-vlnt-crm-dlg/index-en.aspxStates “assault-style firearm” was adopted to more accurately identify firearms based on appearance.
Government of Canada (May 1, 2020). Lists of firearms, lower receivers and upper receivers: for individuals. Government of Canada.
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/campaigns/firearms-buyback/individual-lists-firearms-lower-upper-receivers/list-firearms-individuals.htmlLists prohibited firearms, functionally identical to many non-restricted firearms (e.g. the SKS or M1 Garand).
Statistics Canada (July 22, 2025). Table 35-10-0069-01 Number of homicide victims, by method used to commit the homicide. Statistics Canada.
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510006901Shows that 32% of homicides were committed by stabbing vs 36% by shooting in Canada in 2024.
Daniel Fritter (June 25, 2025). Canada to Spend More on Gun Ban than Border Enforcement [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5kscOLgkOUStates the Government of Canada will spend more on the ASFCP than CBSA will spend enforcing the Canadian border.
Health Canada (October 30, 2023). Health Canada announces more than $21 million to support community-based organization who are helping address harms related to substance use. Health Canada.
https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2023/10/health-canada-announces-more-than-21-million-to-support-community-based-organization-who-are-helping-address-harms-related-to-substance-use.htmlProjects 2023 budget through 2025 based on a total 5-year allocation.
Substance-related Overdose and Mortality Surveillance Task Group on behalf of the Council of Chief Medical Officers of Health (June 25, 2025). Opioid- and Stimulant-related Harms in Canada. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.
https://health-infobase.canada.ca/substance-related-harms/opioids-stimulants/Claims 11,077 drug toxicity deaths (7,146 apparent opioid toxicity deaths and 3,931 apparent stimulant toxicity deaths) in 2024.
Daniel Otis (September 20, 2024). Federal firearm buyback program has cost $67M since 2020, still hasn't collected guns. CTV News.
https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/federal-firearm-buyback-program-has-cost-67m-since-2020-still-hasnt-collected-guns/States the federal firearm buyback program has cost $67-million CAD since 2020.
Gary Mauser (July 30, 2021). Trudeau government ‘buy back’ firearms plan may cost up to $6.7 billion. Fraser Institute.
https://www.fraserinstitute.org/commentary/trudeau-government-buy-back-firearms-plan-may-cost-67-billionProjects the cost of the firearm buyback at $6.7-billion CAD.
Gary Mauser (May 11, 2018). Bill C-71 Is a Red Herring: Submission to the Canadian Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. Simon Fraser University.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3169575Shows no substantial evidence exists that legislation restricting access to firearms for the general public is effective in reducing criminal violence.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (May 27, 2025). 2025–26 Expenditures by Purpose. Government of Canada.
https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/planned-government-spending/government-expenditure-plan-main-estimates/2025-26-estimates/expenditures-purpose.htmlStates the 2025 CBSA border enforcement budget at $513-million CAD.
NPF Board of Directors (November 1, 2020). Position Statement: Gun Violence and Public Safety in Canada. National Police Federation.
https://npf-fpn.com/app/uploads/2021/05/Gun-Violence-and-Public-Safety-in-Canada_PS_November-2020.pdf#page=3Nick Westoll (June 16, 2024). Canada Border Services Agency mobile x-ray scanner sent to GTA in response to auto thefts. CityNews.
https://toronto.citynews.ca/2024/06/16/auto-thefts-ontario-canada-border-services-agency/States the cost of a mobile x-ray scanning machine at $3.5-million CAD. Assumes budget of $6.7-billion CAD.
Lori Culbert (Dec 3, 2021). An inside peek at Red Fish, B.C.'s new mental health and addictions hospital. Vancouver Sun.
https://vancouversun.com/health/local-health/an-inside-peek-at-red-fish-b-c-s-new-mental-health-and-addictions-hospitalStates the cost of Red Fish Healing Centre for Mental Health & Addiction at $130-million CAD. Assumes budget of $6.7-billion CAD.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (April 29, 2025). Pay and benefits. RCMP.
https://rcmp.ca/en/careers-rcmp/police-officer-careers/pay-and-benefitsStates the entry-level salary of a Constable at $71,191.00 CAD. Assumes budget of $6.7-billion CAD.
Government of Canada (December 5, 2024). Order Declaring an Amnesty Period (2024): SOR/2024-249. Government of Canada.
https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2024/2024-12-06-x3/html/sor-dors249-eng.htmlStates amnesty period ends on October 30, 2025.